Las rocas de la superficie terrestre son como un libro que cuenta toda la historia de nuestro planeta.

Numerous research findings point to a negative association between mental speed and age, with older (vs. younger) people performing more slowly across various cognitive tasks. Most of the studies on the relation between age and mental speed have relied on average response time “in elementary cognitive tasks (for example, comparison of two letters) as a measure of basic speed of information processing,” write Mischa von Krause and colleagues.

Male respondents had higher self-efficacy than female respondents, a finding that agrees with other research showing that women are less likely to participate in recreational activities in nature despite showing a preference for doing so.

Development of the scales is just the first step of what the researchers hope will be a series of studies with the ultimate goal of finding ways to improve health and well-being through increased TSN.

“We’re working on developing a whole suite of measures,” Maddock said. “Once those are done, we’re going to be looking to develop theory-based interventions to increase time spent in nature.”

The discovery that the oldest life on Earth may have formed so early is exciting for a number of reasons. First, it shows that life was finding a way even back when the Earth wasn’t as habitable as it is now. Second, the scientists involved believe that these types of microfossils could also exist as signs of life on alien planets.

Russia is estimated to have thousands of tactical nuclear weapons—possibly the world’s largest stockpile—which could be deployed at any time. The use of nuclear weapons is also embedded in Russian military doctrine. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy has appealed to the rest of the world to take the threat seriously.

In this article we examine what would happen during a tactical nuclear bomb explosion, including the three stages of ignition, blast and radioactive fallout—and how one might be able to survive this.

People who suffer from trauma often experience sleep disturbances. The Hyperarousal Theory says this is because trauma activates the body’s fight-or-flight response, which triggers the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathetic nervous system and interferes with sleep quality.

In turn, there appears to be a connection between insomnia and alcohol-related problems. For example, there is some evidence that insomnia makes people more susceptible to the negative repercussions of alcohol. Study authors Julie Patock-Peckham and her colleagues wondered whether insomnia brought on by childhood trauma might contribute to problematic drinking in later life.

In clinical studies, researchers measure and control what people are consuming. But because the federal government still classifies marijuana as a schedule 1 substance, meaning it is considered to have a high potential for abuse, researchers face tough restrictions on the products they can give study participants.

The National Institute on Drug Abuse Drug Supply Program provides marijuana for research purposes, Gruber said. But research-grade marijuana isn’t what people are consuming in their homes.

“We’ve discovered each of these diseases hits a different part of the language network,” said lead author Dr. M. Marsel Mesulam, director of Northwestern’s Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease.

“In some cases, the disease hits the area responsible for grammar, in others the area responsible for word comprehension. Each disease progresses at a different rate and has different implications for intervention.”

Growing up in poverty can have negative repercussions on mental health. For example, children who grow up in socioeconomic deprivation demonstrate lower cognitive ability and report higher trait anxiety as young adults. Researchers Pavla Čermáková and her team launched a study to investigate this interplay between early socioeconomic difficulty, cognitive ability, and trait anxiety and to shed light on the neural mechanism behind these relationships.

Russian astrophysicist Nikolai Kardashev proposed the scale in 1964. He categorized civilizations into three types: planetary, stellar, and galactic. A Type I species is able to harness energy on a scale equal to the amount stellar energy that reaches its home planet. Type II species can harness energy on the scale of its home star, and Type III can harness the energy of its home galaxy. The idea was further popularized by Carl Sagan, who suggested a continuous scale of measurement rather than simply three types.